Push- and Pull-based Epidemic Spreading in Networks: Thresholds and Deeper Insights

Understanding the dynamics of computer virus (malware, worm) in cyberspace is an important problem that has attracted a fair amount of attention. Early investigations for this purpose adapted biological epidemic models, and thus inherited the so-called homogeneity assumption that each node is equally connected to others. Later studies relaxed this often-unrealistic homogeneity assumption, but still focused on certain power-law networks. Recently, researchers investigated epidemic models in {\em arbitrary} networks (i.e., no restrictions on network topology). However, all these models only capture {\em push-based} infection, namely that an infectious node always actively attempts to infect its neighboring nodes. Very recently, the concept of {\em pull-based} infection was introduced but was not treated rigorously. Along this line of research, the present paper investigates push- and pull-based epidemic spreading dynamics in arbitrary networks, using a Non-linear Dynamical Systems approach. The paper advances the state of the art as follows: (1) It presents a more general and powerful sufficient condition (also known as epidemic threshold in the literature) under which the spreading will become stable. (2) It gives both upper and lower bounds on the global mean infection rate, regardless of the stability of the spreading. (3) It offers insights into, among other things, the estimation of the global mean infection rate through localized monitoring of a small {\em constant} number of nodes, {\em without} knowing the values of the parameters.