Vessels Cybersecurity: Issues, Challenges, and the Road Ahead

Vessels cybersecurity is recently gaining momentum, as a result of a few recent attacks to vessels at sea. These recent attacks have shacked the maritime domain, which was thought to be relatively immune to cyber threats. The cited belief is now over, as proved by recent mandates issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). According to these regulations, all vessels should be the subject of a cybersecurity risk analysis, and technical controls should be adopted to mitigate the resulting risks. This initiative is laudable since, despite the recent incidents, the vulnerabilities and threats affecting modern vessels are still unclear to operating entities, leaving the potential for dreadful consequences of further attacks just a matter of "when", not "if". In this contribution, we investigate and systematize the major security weaknesses affecting systems and communication technologies adopted in modern vessels. Specifically, we describe the architecture and main features of the different systems, pointing out their main security issues, and specifying how they were exploited by attackers to cause service disruption and relevant financial losses. We also identify a few countermeasures to the introduced attacks. Finally, we highlight a few research challenges to be addressed by industry and academia to strengthen vessels security.