Balanced Allocations: The Heavily Loaded Case with Deletions

In the 2-choice allocation problem, $m$ balls are placed into $n$ bins, and each ball must choose between two random bins $i, j \in [n]$ that it has been assigned to. It has been known for more than two decades, that if each ball follows the Greedy strategy (i.e., always pick the less-full bin), then the maximum load will be $m/n + O(\log \log n)$ with high probability in $n$ (and $m / n + O(\log m)$ with high probability in $m$). It has remained open whether the same bounds hold in the dynamic version of the same game, where balls are inserted/deleted with up to $m$ balls present at a time. We show that these bounds do not hold in the dynamic setting: already on $4$ bins, there exists a sequence of insertions/deletions that cause {Greedy} to incur a maximum load of $m/4 + Ω(\sqrt{m})$ with probability $Ω(1)$ -- this is the same bound as if each ball is simply assigned to a random bin! This raises the question of whether any 2-choice allocation strategy can offer a strong bound in the dynamic setting. Our second result answers this question in the affirmative: we present a new strategy, called ModulatedGreedy, that guarantees a maximum load of $m / n + O(\log m)$, at any given moment, with high probability in $m$. Generalizing ModulatedGreedy, we obtain dynamic guarantees for the $(1 + β)$-choice setting, and for the setting of balls-and-bins on a graph. Finally, we consider a setting in which balls can be reinserted after they are deleted, and where the pair $i, j$ that a given ball uses is consistent across insertions. This seemingly small modification renders tight load balancing impossible: on 4 bins, any strategy that is oblivious to the specific identities of balls must allow for a maximum load of $m/4 + poly(m)$ at some point in the first $poly(m)$ insertions/deletions, with high probability in $m$.