Simultaneously Transmitting and Reflecting RIS (STAR-RIS) Assisted Multi-Antenna Covert Communications: Analysis and Optimization

This paper investigates the multi-antenna covert communications assisted by a simultaneously transmitting and reflecting reconfigurable intelligent surface (STAR-RIS). In particular, to shelter the existence of covert communications between a multi-antenna transmitter and a single-antenna receiver from a warden, a friendly full-duplex receiver with two antennas is leveraged to make contributions where one antenna is responsible for receiving the transmitted signals and the other one transmits the jamming signals with a varying power to confuse the warden. Considering the worst case, the closed-form expression of the minimum detection error probability (DEP) at the warden is derived and utilized in a covert constraint to guarantee the system performance. Then, we formulate an optimization problem maximizing the covert rate of the system under the covertness constraint and quality of service (QoS) constraint with communication outage analysis. To jointly design the active and passive beamforming of the transmitter and STAR-RIS, an iterative algorithm based on semi-definite relaxation (SDR) method and Dinkelbachs algorithm is proposed to effectively solve the non-convex optimization problem. Simulation results show that the proposed STAR-RIS-assisted scheme highly outperforms the case with conventional RIS, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm as well as the superiority of STAR-RIS in guaranteeing the covertness of wireless communications.