On Colorful Vertex and Edge Cover Problems

In this paper, we study two generalizations of Vertex Cover and Edge Cover, namely Colorful Vertex Cover and Colorful Edge Cover. In the Colorful Vertex Cover problem, given an $n$-vertex edge-colored graph $G$ with colors from $\{1, \ldots, ω\}$ and coverage requirements $r_1, r_2, \ldots, r_ω$, the goal is to find a minimum-sized set of vertices that are incident on at least $r_i$ edges of color $i$, for each $1 \le i \le ω$, i.e., we need to cover at least $r_i$ edges of color $i$. Colorful Edge Cover is similar to Colorful Vertex Cover, except here we are given a vertex-colored graph and the goal is to cover at least $r_i$ vertices of color $i$, for each $1 \le i \le ω$, by a minimum-sized set of edges. These problems have several applications in fair covering and hitting of geometric set systems involving points and lines that are divided into multiple groups. Here, fairness ensures that the coverage (resp. hitting) requirement of every group is fully satisfied. We obtain a $(2+ε)$-approximation for the Colorful Vertex Cover problem in time $n^{O(ω/ε)}$. Thus, for a constant number of colors, the problem admits a $(2+ε)$-approximation in polynomial time. Next, for the Colorful Edge Cover problem, we design an $O(ωn^3)$ time exact algorithm, via a chain of reductions to a matching problem. For all intermediate problems in this chain of reductions, we design polynomial-time algorithms, which might be of independent interest.