Feature Attribution Explanations for Spiking Neural Networks

Third-generation artificial neural networks, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), can be efficiently implemented on hardware. Their implementation on neuromorphic chips opens a broad range of applications, such as machine learning-based autonomous control and intelligent biomedical devices. In critical applications, however, insight into the reasoning of SNNs is important, thus SNNs need to be equipped with the ability to explain how decisions are reached. We present \textit{Temporal Spike Attribution} (TSA), a local explanation method for SNNs. To compute the explanation, we aggregate all information available in model-internal variables: spike times and model weights. We evaluate TSA on artificial and real-world time series data and measure explanation quality w.r.t. multiple quantitative criteria. We find that TSA correctly identifies a small subset of input features relevant to the decision (i.e., is output-complete and compact) and generates similar explanations for similar inputs (i.e., is continuous). Further, our experiments show that incorporating the notion of \emph{absent} spikes improves explanation quality. Our work can serve as a starting point for explainable SNNs, with future implementations on hardware yielding not only predictions but also explanations in a broad range of application scenarios. Source code is available at https://github.com/ElisaNguyen/tsa-explanations.