Droplet Simulations in Computer Graphics: Theories, Methods and Applications

Creating realistic droplet simulations and animations has long been a formidable challenge for researchers and developers due to the inherent complexity of fluid dynamics. Achieving lifelike droplet splash simulations while managing computational resources has often resulted in sacrifices compromising the realism of visualizations. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in the past two decades, driven by advancements in particle-based methods such as Position-Based Dynamics (PBD) and Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). These methods have enabled the simulation of droplet splash behaviour with increasing accuracy and reduced computational complexity. Integrating features like surface tensions, fluid incompressibility, and liquid-wall interactions has further enhanced the realism of the simulations. This paper provides an in-depth exploration of the theoretical foundations and methodologies employed in droplet simulations and how they have evolved over time. Accurate droplet interaction visualization holds immense potential across diverse applications, including gaming, animation, medical simulations, and engineering scenarios like 3D printing simulations.