HATS: Hardness-Aware Trajectory Synthesis for GUI Agents

March 12, 2026 ยท Grace Period ยท ๐Ÿ› CVPR 2026

โณ Grace Period
This paper is less than 90 days old. We give authors time to release their code before passing judgment.
Authors Rui Shao, Ruize Gao, Bin Xie, Yixing Li, Kaiwen Zhou, Shuai Wang, Weili Guan, Gongwei Chen arXiv ID 2603.12138 Category cs.CV: Computer Vision Citations 0 Venue CVPR 2026
Abstract
Graphical user interface (GUI) agents powered by large vision-language models (VLMs) have shown remarkable potential in automating digital tasks, highlighting the need for high-quality trajectory data to support effective agent training. Yet existing trajectory synthesis pipelines often yield agents that fail to generalize beyond simple interactions. We identify this limitation as stemming from the neglect of semantically ambiguous actions, whose meanings are context-dependent, sequentially dependent, or visually ambiguous. Such actions are crucial for real-world robustness but are under-represented and poorly processed in current datasets, leading to semantic misalignment between task instructions and execution. To address these issues, we propose HATS, a Hardness-Aware Trajectory Synthesis framework designed to mitigate the impact of semantic ambiguity. We define hardness as the degree of semantic ambiguity associated with an action and develop two complementary modules: (1) hardness-driven exploration, which guides data collection toward ambiguous yet informative interactions, and (2) alignment-guided refinement, which iteratively validates and repairs instruction-execution alignment. The two modules operate in a closed loop: exploration supplies refinement with challenging trajectories, while refinement feedback updates the hardness signal to guide future exploration. Extensive experiments show that agents trained with HATS consistently outperform state-of-the-art baselines across benchmark GUI environments.
Community shame:
Not yet rated
Community Contributions

Found the code? Know the venue? Think something is wrong? Let us know!

๐Ÿ“œ Similar Papers

In the same crypt โ€” Computer Vision