Interactive Expressive Motion Generation Using Dynamic Movement Primitives

Our goal is to enable social robots to interact autonomously with humans in a realistic, engaging, and expressive manner. The 12 Principles of Animation are a well-established framework animators use to create movements that make characters appear convincing, dynamic, and emotionally expressive. This paper proposes a novel approach that leverages Dynamic Movement Primitives (DMPs) to implement key animation principles, providing a learnable, explainable, modulable, online adaptable and composable model for automatic expressive motion generation. DMPs, originally developed for general imitation learning in robotics and grounded in a spring-damper system design, offer mathematical properties that make them particularly suitable for this task. Specifically, they enable modulation of the intensities of individual principles and facilitate the decomposition of complex, expressive motion sequences into learnable and parametrizable primitives. We present the mathematical formulation of the parameterized animation principles and demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework through experiments and application on three robotic platforms with different kinematic configurations, in simulation, on actual robots and in a user study. Our results show that the approach allows for creating diverse and nuanced expressions using a single base model.